Re:
Quote:
)Law of identity - Everything that is, exists.
2)Law of contradiction - Nothing can simultaneously be and not be.
3)Law of excluded middle - Each and every thing either is or is not.
A conclusive law formed by these 3 laws is a considerable 4th subsequential law:
4)Law of conclusion
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#1 just says that what is
is. Obvious, tho it doesn't address the epistemology of how we know "what is" or the ontology of what is real vs what is not... which requires a consensus on the meaning of "real" and on the vadidity of various ways of verification.
#2 and #3 seem the same to me. Both must be true on the face of it. But neither addresses what is possible or probable in the realm of the raw materials of the universe being in the dynamic process of forming new "entities" or forms. For instance certain clouds of cosmic dust and gases are not yet stars or galaxies (don't presently "exist" as such) but may in many cases eventually become them.
#4 "(Of everything that is, it can be found why it is.")
"Why" seems to me to be a teleological question... i.e., "what is the purpose of anything or everything?" This is not in the realm of science.
Also, I define "universe" as everything that *is* both known and unknown. And that which is beyond our limits of perception... either physically beyond our cosmic event horizon or metaphysically... in the realm of gnosis... may never be "known" as science defines knowledge.
Michael
