G'day from the land of ozzzzz
Observation local and deep field show that both contraction and expansion is occuring at the same time. We look at the motions of galaxies whether cluster or single, star formations and what ever, matter is moving towards a gravity sink and that from this gravity sink, jets eject matter away and in the extreme cases huge jets expell matter, thousands (M87) to millions of lights years ( super black holes located centre of clusters of galaxies )from their origin.
Chandra Press Room :: Extended X-Ray Jet in Nearby Galaxy Reveals Energy Source :: October 25, 1999
Chandra :: Photo Album :: 3C273 :: 06 Nov 00
HubbleSite - NewsCenter - Megastar-Birth Cluster is Biggest, Brightest and Hottest Ever Seen (10/30/2003) - Release Text
HubbleSite - NewsCenter - Images from Hubble's ACS Tell a Tale of Two Record-Breaking Galaxy Clusters (01/01/2004) - Release Text
HubbleSite - NewsCenter - Very Long Baseline Array Reveals Formation Region of Giant Cosmic Jet Near a Black Hole (10/27/1999) - Introduction
Chandra Press Room :: X-ray Arcs Tell The Tale Of Giant Eruption :: August 7, 2002
[gr-qc/0109038] Has the Universe always expanded ?
Has the Universe always expanded ?
Authors: Patrick Peter (IAP), Nelson Pinto-Neto (CBPF)
(Submitted on 11 Sep 2001)
Abstract: We consider a cosmological setting for which the currently expanding era is preceded by a contracting phase, that is, we assume the Universe experienced at least one bounce. We show that scalar hydrodynamic perturbations lead to a singular behavior of the Bardeen potential and/or its derivatives (i.e. the curvature) for whatever Universe model for which the last bounce epoch can be smoothly and causally joined to the radiation dominated era. Such a Universe would be filled with non-linear perturbations long before nucleosynthesis, and would thus be incompatible with observations. We therefore conclude that no observable bounce could possibly have taken place in the early universe if Einstein gravity together with hydrodynamical fluids is to describe its evolution, and hence, under these conditions, that the Universe has always expanded.
