Salt, NaCl, Sodium Chloride.

[Michaelangelica]

Distillation of salts from inland saline water sources

H. Aral and G. Sparrow

Abstract
CSIRO PUBLISHING - Exploration Geophysics

Processing of saline water to produce industrial minerals with large volume applications is considered one way to attack the salinity problem in the Murray-Darling Basin.
We propose that saline water in the Basin be treated to produce industrial mineral salts such as sodium chloride, magnesium sulphate, and magnesium chloride.

The magnesium-rich bittern fraction of the saline waters may be processed further to value-added products such as magnesium hydroxide, Sorel cement, or spinel refractories.

Sorel cement could be consumed in large quantities in the Basin as construction material and may be used to seal new interception scheme lakes, although the stability of the Sorel cement in aqueous environment remains to be investigated.

The processing of mineral sands can be linked with treatment of saline water in an integrated and cost-effective manner that aims to remove salt from the Basin.

The sodium chloride fraction can be used to produce chemicals such as chlorine, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide that can be used in the processing of zircon.

Direct chlorination of ilmenite could consume the equivalent of about 1.4 tonnes of sodium chloride for each tonne of ilmenite treated if no chlorine was recycled.

Chlorination of synthetic rutile (about 90% TiO2) could consume the equivalent of about 0.3 tonnes of sodium chloride for each tonne of titania pigment produced.
Work in CSIRO Minerals has produced low radioactivity zirconia from a Murray Basin zircon by caustic soda decomposition followed by concentrated hydrochloric acid leaching. In addition, it is proposed that desalination plants be established across the Basin to recover fresh water, heat, and electricity from saline water.

These plants will obtain heat and electricity from solar power generation schemes with storage of power in solar ponds and molten salts.
Integrated saline water and mineral sands mining industry in the Basin may ultimately lead to new technology for Australia such as titanium metal production.
Titanium metal produced from TiO2 pigment may be used in building desalination plants across the Basin to recover fresh water from saline waters.

Exploration Geophysics 33(2) 136 - 140

Full text doi:10.1071/EG02136

© ASEG 2002

CSIRO PUBLISHING - Exploration Geophysics


too much chemistry for this small bear's brain

So salt has a little s-t-r-e-t-c-h in water?


Ice Lego, obviously the colours mean something to someone. pretty arn't they? tm
And so water kicks out H into the ice and snow? Where does the salt go?

Liquid water has only 15 percent more H-bonds than solid water.

It gets to hot and again out the H goes??

what happens to the salt the H is supposed to be keeping it in the water
Water is way out of line! It boils at an extremely high temperature for its size. Why? Because of the extensive network of Hydrogen bonds. Those H-bonds are cohesive forces - they want to hold the water molecules together - and there are a lot of them! The process of boiling requires that the molecules come apart

H2O - The Mystery, Art, and Science of Water: The Chemistry of Water: Properties

Once heated, water takes a very long time to cool off. Or in reverse, it takes a lot of heat to make water hot.

The hotter the water the more salt right?
Water is bloody weird stuff

2. Pure water freezes at 0C but is most dense at 4 C. That is, solid water (ice) is less dense than cold liquid water.

H2O - The Mystery, Art, and Science of Water
Finally the scientists 'fess up

The physical and chemical properties of water are extraordinarily complicated and incompletely understood

ie They know bugger all about the most important thing.

This was fascinating

In the field of applied fluid dynamics, Laureate Professor Graeme Jameson is something of a legend.
His work in the 1980's, pioneering a new way to help the mining industry extract fine particles led to the development of the Jameson Cell.
Today there are more than 250 Jameson Cells in operation within mines around the world.
The intrepid Dr. Paul Willis headed to Newcastle to meet the Professor and investigate his latest developments

Catalyst: Bubble Mining - ABC TV Science

Now if we put lots of bubbles in sea water would we get the gold coming off the top? or just the salt? (Same thing really)

[Michaelangelica]

Salt Water System Could Generate Hydrogen
March 18th, 2009 by Lisa Zyga Enlarge
In this illustration of the system, salt water flows through a rectangular pipe under the influence of a perpendicular magnetic field, B0.
The Lorentz force causes the charged sodium and chlorine ions to accumulate near the metal plates on the sides of the pipe, generating a constant electric field, E. Image credit: R. De Luca.

(PhysOrg.com) -- The idea of generating hydrogen from salt water has often been claimed to work effectively. However, the systems proposed so far generally require a much greater energy input than the energy they produce, making them impractical for energy generation.
Now, a recently revived system may be able to cheaply generate a small amount of power.

Salt Water System Could Generate Hydrogen

In the proposal, physicist Roberto De Luca from the University of Salerno in Italy has suggested that flowing salt water could generate an electromotive force, which in turn could generate an electric power output. In his theoretical analysis, he considers letting salt water (containing sodium and chlorine ions) run through a rectangular pipe that has two metal electrodes on the sides, under the influence of a perpendicular magnetic field. In this set-up, the Lorentz force acts on the sodium and chlorine ions in the salt water, creating a Faraday voltage across the two electrodes, and producing an electromotive force.

[vanamoinen1]

very interesting proposal. my only question is: what is the energy investment to generate the magnetic field through which the salt water passes compared to the amount of generated electricity? essentially--what is the efficiency of this system?

[Michaelangelica]

ScienceDaily:

Sea Salt Holds Clues To Climate Change

. .new research coming out of the United Kingdom (U.K.) suggests that the amount of salt in seawater is varying in direct response to man-made climate change.. . .
human-induced climate change could be responsible for rises in salinity that have been recorded in the subtropical regions of the Atlantic Ocean, areas at latitudes immediately north and south of Earth’s tropics
. . .
Salinity levels are important for two reasons.

• First, along with temperature, they directly affect seawater density (salty water is denser than freshwater) and therefore the circulation of ocean currents from the tropics to the poles. These currents control how heat is carried within the oceans and ultimately regulate the world’s climate.
• Second, sea surface salinity is intimately linked to Earth’s overall water cycle and to how much freshwater leaves and enters the oceans through evaporation and precipitation

.
. . .

Artist's illustration of the Aquarius/SAC-D spacecraft, scheduled for launch in May 2010. It will be the first NASA instrument to measure sea salinity from space. (Credit: NASA/JPL)

Lagerloef and Sen are, respectively, principal investigator and project manager of Aquarius, part of a brand new satellite mission due to be launched into orbit in May 2010. Aquarius is the first NASA instrument designed to track sea salinity from space
. . .“With our instruments we will be able to measure salinity to an accuracy of 0.2 psu,” explains Sen, who works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif. “If you take half a gallon of water and put a pinch of salt in it, that’s about 0.2 psu.
We will be able to detect that from space, while flying about 650 kilometers [about 404 miles] above Earth.”

Sea Salt Holds Clues To Climate Change

[McBrayer]

Can i get a solution to make fw from sw

Sorry Sea water to fresh water

The next world war will be for drinking water.................So we shpuld find a solution for that

Any body have any idea

[Mercedes Benzene]

Originally Posted by McBrayer

Can i get a solution to make fw from sw

Sorry Sea water to fresh water

The next world war will be for drinking water.................So we shpuld find a solution for that

Any body have any idea

Well the first thing that comes to mind is distillation. That's probably the simplest method of separating water from the dissolved salts. More advanced technologies exist such as reverse osmosis, but these require expensive equipment. Most modern desalination plants are based on reverse osmosis.

Wikipedia offers some pretty good explanations if you want to check it out.

[Michaelangelica]

Originally Posted by McBrayer

Can i get a solution to make fw from sw

Sorry Sea water to fresh water

The next world war will be for drinking water.................So we shpuld find a solution for that

Any body have any idea

Yes possibly. hopefully tecnology will save us from this.
See the thread Water Where will it come from in 2050
at
http://hypography.com/forums/earth-s...me-2050-a.html

[Michaelangelica]

Manure and salt cleans up the air

By Kathy Cogo from Townsville , QLD

Wednesday, 20/05/2009

Cattle are considered one of the worst contributors to greenhouse gases and climate change, but now they've a chance to redeem themselves.
. . .
The trial plant outside of Townsville in North Queensland looks very simple and consists of a couple of lengths of cut open poly pipe and two water tanks.

Laura Thorp from developers C&R Consulting says, "It's designed to take sea water, evaporate it down and we add a nucleating agent to it; and it actually produces an imbalance in the water and forces the water to draw carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere."

The nucleating agent is a substance extracted from manure.

For the sake of availability, Ms Thorp says they use cow manure.

A by-product of the plant is calcium carbonate which can make environmentally-friendly cement.

To work at its optimum the plant or 'Greensols', as it's been called, needs to be the size of a football field, and it would use tonnes of manure which developers would source from a local feedlot.

The owners are optimistic a commercial plant will be built in North Queensland in the next two years, with the help of the local council.

Manure and salt cleans up the air. 20 May 2009. Rural Online. (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
I wonder if it then becomes easier to make potable water from the left over water?

[Essay]

Originally Posted by Michaelangelica

Manure and salt cleans up the air. 20 May 2009. Rural Online. (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
I wonder if it then becomes easier to make potable water from the left-over water?

Wow! This is amazing! Good question about the left-over water, but maybe it all gets evaporated.
It sounds to me as if they're mimicking how sea shells are made by sea critters.
This is ingenious. I can't believe it's that easy--I'm gonna have to look into seashell formation--but (w/ a Minor in Biochem) I can already see how.... One of those moments....
===

"...in conjunction with salt water to take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and remarkably inventors say it works better and more reliably than trees and soil."

Yes, that's the one problem with biosequestration--you have to keep it watered.

This stuff is at the bottom of a thermodynamic hill--no watering needed!
But adding water (making cement) would release the CO2, wouldn't it?
...so it'd be carbon-neutral cement--I guess?
...I should probably learn more about cement too, huh?

"It needs to be built near the sea, on a flat surface, and in a climate that encourages evaporation."
...using solar power to drive a concentration dependent reaction....

This is a very neat idea. Thanks! I hope I can add more later.

Thanks for the link!

[Michaelangelica]

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