I tried a quick search on how stuff works, but couldnt come up with anything good, so i'll do a brief description myself.
Computer operates on the basic principal of transistors, what do transistors do? well a transistor has 3 nodes, and depending on a signal on 2 there would or would not be a signal on the 3rd node and that is how computer operates.
You are probably wondering what is next huh? Well, the foundation of computers lies within transistors, but more than just that, it lies within the logic that transistors bring with them. You have probably heard of binary, but if you havent, binary is a way of expressing a number in base 2, with only 2 digits that are allowed being 1 and 0, in computers however those digits represent a signal or no signal at a certain point, and that, together with boolean logic is what makes the heart of the processor. Boolean implies on true and false, or 1 and 0 or signal and no signal, and transistors can be used, together with that logic to produce structures, tunnels, rules which drive the machine. This brings me back to the types of transistors. Basic transistor logic (i will put the ways transistors can act in a mathematical-like notation 0 + 0 = 0 for example says that if there is no signal on the first node, and no signal on the second node, the output from the transistor is 0)
0 + 0 = 0
1 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 0
1 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
0 + 1 = 1
and this concludes the 6 basic structures within of logic with transistors. Processors have trilions of transistors, organized into pathways within it, pathways allow or disallow the flow of electricity within them, directing the current one way or another between the nodes on the processor allowing for computation.
That was all the core stuff that makes it possible for the computer to do any mathematical computation in binary, but there are other parts of the computer too, like memory for example. Memory is every where, and most operates on the principal of magnetism and again boolean logic
, yes yes this logic is essential to computer operation, the information in memory is stored in cells, cells contain a tiny magnet that can either be charged or not charged or be facing north or south, method depends on the system, but in any case, charge represents a 1, and gets porocessed as a signal, and 0 represents no signal, and at the core of all memory resides a table that contains the location of all the cells, creating kind of like an array of memory cells, what are memory cells? Well, it is not a good idea to store any information in a single 1/0, otherwise, how can you possibly record anything useful? however 1/0 is the smallest particle in memory, sort of like an atom, it also has a name and is called a bit. 8 of these bits is enough to store a byte, or any character that you can input in the system, because 8 bits allows for 255 combinations of 8 1/0s. A byte is also what the memory works with, as it mostly mamages them instead of bits per say. Bytes are from there organized into larger blocks, what you have to remember is that computer is all based on the powers of 2, and thus you dont get 5 or 10, you get 4 and 8, but 1024 bytes make up a kilobyte thus 1 kilobyte of memory can store up to 1024 characters, a megabyte is 1024 kilobytes and thus can store a shattering 1,048,567 characters, enough to store a few books. Then 1024 megabytes = a gigabyte (1,073,741,824 characters or a few libraries of books) 1024 gigabytes are equal a terabyte and so on (or more than all the books ever written)... (hope i'm getting this right as i write)
Anyways from there on to the I/O devices, and the way they work is they take a piece of data and asign a certain value to it (encode it) send it to the motherboard, which then directs the information to a processor which then decides what to do with the data and what command to give to the system , if any. The output device just takes all that data it receives and after decoding it, outputs it to the whatever it outputs it to (most of the time using its own system). For example say you type a letter "a", that signal gets translated to an ascii 97 that is then sent in a pattern similar to 01100001, then the data is run through a program that figures out what 01100001 is and finds a which pixels on a screen it needs to light up along with the location of those pixels, from there that data travels to the monitor which figures out what it is supposed to display, where and what color each pixel needs to be and then displays an "a" on the screen...
well, i have spent a lot of time trying to do my bst on this basic tutorial, i dont have much more time, i hope this gives you the basics, if you have questions, please, you are welcome to ask, bye for now
IC architecture 
(ofcourse that is arguable on microvolt level, but i think you get the concept)
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