The proton thruster engine

[jerrygg38]

Originally Posted by moontanman

do you have any evidence to support your refutation of einstein? You shouldn't make such statements with out some evidence to back them up.

If indeed everything is distorted at close to "c" why would death occur? His heart slows yes but so does the need for oxygen and all the processes slow as well in the same relationship to each other. From his perspective nothing has changed.

jg: Everyone is familiar with the clock paradox. That does not work. I am happy with Einsteins formula and results for orbital motion. His orbital mass increase is excellent. We do not have linear data. The linear solution produces the clock paradox and therefore Einsteins formulas are wrong for linear motion. For orbital motion, Einsteins formula is the best fit for a non-linear problem.
People have been on both sides of the fence with Einstein for 100 years. I assume you have seen both sides of the arguments which go on forever.

As far as a person dying when his body becomes severely distorted, it must be kept in mind that when we accelerate things up to the speed of light, we only accelerate protons and electrons. During high speed collisions we can get the neutrons close to lightspeed as well. These are small particles.
Our bodies are large scale things. If we could get our bodies up to near light speed, there would be nothing to hold us together. We are built for slow speeds. However in the future it will be interesting how fast we can go before death.

[modest]

By what mechanism and via what physics exactly do you intend on converting protons to photons?

~modest

[jerrygg38]

Originally Posted by modest

By what mechanism and via what physics exactly do you intend on converting protons to photons?

~modest

JG: It has been a busy weekend for me. Tomorrow morning I will post the theory and equations using the Einsteinian energy within the proton. The binding energy will be calculated to be 3.4MEV and the output energy equal to the energy of the proton itself. Thus a small amount of electromagnetic energy will produce huge amounts of photonic energy as will be explained tomorrow.

[CraigD]

Originally Posted by jerrygg38

The proton thruster engine converts protons into photons by means of a spherical electromagnetic field which pulsates and concentrates upon a sharp point. Protons at the center point will aborb their binding energy and release photonic energy. As will be calculated shortly, the binding energy of the proton is 3.482MEV while the total photonic energy available from a proton is 938.272MEV.

In the context of nucleons – protons and neutrons - the term “binding energy” refers to the differences in mass of different nuclei when vs. the mass of their constituent protons and neutrons. This difference in mass explains why nuclear fission, fusion, and radioactive decay produce energy.

The energy that confines (the term “binds” is rarely used in this context) the 3 quarks of a single proton is primarily in the relativistic mass of its many gluons, which carry their color charge. Most of the energy of a proton is composed of these gluons – its quarks have a mass-energy of about 6.5 to 12.6 MeV, about 0.7 to 1.3% of its total mass energy of about 938.27 MeV.

Gluons also interact with quarks in different protons to binding them together in nuclei. The bind energy is composed primarily of gluons. As a force, this interaction is termed the strong nuclear force.

Originally Posted by jerrygg38

Thus for a small amount of input energy, the photonic converter pushes out approximately 270 times the energy.

This is not true. To convert the entire mass of a proton – its roughly 938.272 MeV – into energy in the form of photons or any other form, it must be completely annihilated. This can’t be done by adding energy to it equivalent to some nucleus’s binding enery, only by colliding it with its antiparticle.

What JG describes disagrees with best current theory, and is unsupported by experimental data. In classical terms, he describes a perpetual motion machine – a system where the total mass-energy output exceeds the mass-energy input. By all accepted theory, perpetual motion machines are not possible.

Originally Posted by jerrygg38

In any event protons, neutrons, and electrons can go upward toward light speed C. The internal clocks of these partciles slow. Thus the workings of the bodies on the spacecraft will be distorted as viewed from the outside reference plane. the heart will slow as their bodies are stretched out. The blood pressure will fall. All the physical reactions will slow as well. Can we survive it? We can be frozen rapidly and then live after being warmed up due to our polar bear shut down reaction.

This badly incorrectly describes the theory of relativity.

One of the two postulates of special relativity is that the laws of physics – all of them – do not change in a system (known as an inertial frame) in uniform motion, regardless of its velocity relative to some other inertial frame. Thus, a human – or any other physical thing - being subject to time dilation relative to some observer would not experience any measurable difference from one in another inertial frame. They would not experience low blood pressure, hypothermia, or any other disorder or stress.

There are hazards associated with traveling through outer space at high speeds, but these are not due to relativistic time dilation, but due to high speed collisions with the interplanetary and interstellar medium. 0.4 c is a much higher speed relative to these media (in comparison, the average speed of the interplanetary medium, or solar wind, is about 0.0013 c) than experienced by present-day spacecraft. It results in a braking energy for hydrogen nuclei (protons) of , high enough to cause nuclear chain reactions in impacted material, and present a serious shielding and cooling problem.

Engineering challenges such as the above make strong arguments that space travel at speeds of more than a few percent the speed of light may be very difficult. These difficulties are, however, engineering problems, not due to fundamental physics.

[jerrygg38]

Proton Thruster Engine-theory

Let us look at the binding energy within the proton using the Einsteinian energy of the electron as it enters the neutron as the basis for the speed of a sub-particle as it becomes part of the nucleus. The proton came into existence at the time of big bang when the energy levels were much higher and everything in the universe was close to or at the speed of light. Thus the proton is photonic energy which was compressed into configurations of mass.
If we can pinpoint an electromagnetic field to the approximate size of the proton, this will cause enough energy to enter the proton. The net result will be the destruction of the proton and the release of this photonic energy. Thus the stored energy of the proton can readily be converted into photons.

First let us look at the Einsteinian energy of the Neutron. The electron prefers the Bohr orbit. This is a stable state. If we add additional energy to the electron, we will bring it toward the proton where it will merge into the proton to form the hydrogen atom. In the process, the electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy. The attraction of the plus Q charge of the proton to the minus Q charge of the electron becomes pure mechanical energy as the charge of the neutron becomes zero. For the calculations, the wavelength of the neutron will be considered its radius. Thus the neutron is a perfect oscillating sphere. In another section we will look at the pi-mesons and u-mesons. First let us look at the start of the proton thruster theory.


In my manuscript “Dot-Wave Unified Field theory” I have calculated these things as follows:




SECTION 3-1 THE EINSTEINIAN ENERGY OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM

Let us calculate the Einsteinian energy of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom. We know the answer to be 13.58 electron volts. We also know that the orbit velocity should be approximately C/137. This means the electron makes 137 revolutions around the proton per cycle.

The difference in mass/energy between of the electron’s rest mass and the electron’s Einsteinian orbital mass is the ionization energy of the electron in the Bohr orbit. For C/137 we get:

M = Mo/ ( 1- (V/C)^0.5 ) (3-2)

where:

Mo = 0.510999 MEV (3-3)

For V = C/137 , the Einsteinian correction factor is 0.999732. Therefore

M = 0.51099900/ 0.99997336 = 0.51101261 MEV (3-4)

The differential mass/energy is:

Delta mass = 13.61 electron volts (3-5)

If we used the speed of C / 137.036 we get

Delta mass = 13.606 MEV (3-6)

From equation 5-5 we see that the measured 13.58 electron volt binding energy of the Bohr atom is equal to the Einsteinian mass difference at a speed of C/137.036. Thus the inverse fine constant provides us with the orbital speed of the first level of the Bohr atom.

SECTION 3-2: ELECTRON’S EINSTEINIAN ENERGY WITHIN THE NEUTRON

We know that the neutron has a mass increase over the proton and electron attributed to the neutrino. However the mass increase is the Einsteinian increase of the electron as it moves toward the proton driven by the electrical coulomb attraction. To within the small additional energy of the neutrino, the neutron and the proton and electron have identical energy. Thus electrical energy is converted into mass by the neutron.

Once we bring the electron down to the neutron radius, the electron merges into the neutron and the plus and minus dots of the proton and the electron are converted into bipolar dots. Only a small amount of photon energy is required to convert the plus and minus dots into bipolar dots. Thus the neutrino is a photonic binding energy which holds the plus and minus dots together.

Therefore the electron no longer exists as an electron within the neutron. It merely becomes more bipolar dots. Of course within the neutron there still are a lot of other things happening, which give it different characteristics. First let us calculate the Einsteinian energy of an electron reaching the proton and merging into it at the neutron radius.

The mass of the neutron is 939.565 MEV, the mass of the proton is 938.272 MEV, and the mass of the electron is 0.510999 MEV as shown on page 47 of Doppler Space Time. The differential mass energy is:

Delta mass/energy = 0.782001 MEV (3-7)

The total electron mass/energy as we reach the neutron’s radius is the sum of the electron mass plus the Einsteinian delta mass:

Mass total = 1.29300 MEV (3-8)

The electron’s mass energy as it temporarily orbits at the neutron radius equals 1.29300 MEV.

The ratio of the mass of the electron in neutron’s orbit to the electron is:

Me (neutron orbit) / Me = 2.530338 (3-9)

The orbital Einsteinian equation for the Bohr orbit is:

(V2 ) / ( 1- (V/C)^0.5 )^0.5 = K QQ / Me R (3-10)

In equation 3-10, the electrical force between two opposite charges equals the orbital force of the Einsteinian mass of the electron.

Without a computer program, it is necessary to chart values of V/C until we get the proper mass. By successive approximation, the best numerical answer to the velocity within 4 decimal places is:

V/C = 0.9186 (3-11)

Me/Me(o) = 2.53043 (3-12)

R = 1.3195698E-15 (3-13)

Me = 1.293 MEV (3-14)

This shows that the electron reaches a speed of 0.9186C prior to being absorbed by the proton. The wavelength of the neutron is:

λn = 1.31959E-15 (3-15)

Therefore the neutron appears as a perfectly round sphere. The neutrino is identical with the Einsteinian mass increase minus the electrical energy converted into velocity by the electrical field. This will be calculated in the next section.

We see that the ionization energy of the Bohr orbit at C/137.036 and the differential mass for the Neutron orbit at 0.9186C are both Einsteinian orbital velocity mass increases. The external electron gains mass when it reaches the lowest Bohr orbit. Then the electron gains more mass when it enters the proton.

From this analysis we find that the neutron is merely a sister form of the hydrogen atom. To within a small amount of energy, the neutron has a dual identity. It is the hydrogen atom in another form. Only a small amount of outside photonic energy is required for the transition. However when the neutron atom is alone in space, it becomes the hydrogen atom with the release of photonic energy. The hydrogen atom has less mass than the neutron. Thus in free space, a substance will seek the lowest form of mass. It was thought that the substance will seek the lowest form of energy. However it is really that the gravitational mass is minimized. Thus the mass law is as follows:

Mass Law: Unless operated upon by other forces a particle will seek the lowest gravitational mass for its form. In the case of the neutron, the particle will form the hydrogen atom.




SECTION 3-3: THE CONVERSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO MASS

The hydrogen atom converts electrical energy to mass. Let us look at the amount of electrical energy given up as we move from the hydrogen atom to the neutron.

The electrical energy converted to mechanical energy by an electrical field is given by the coulomb equation:

E = [Integral] KQQ/RR d(s) = KQQ/R (3-16)

In electron volts, the energy is:

E = KQ/R (3-17)

Using the radius of the neutron to be 1.31959E-15, the electrical energy of the proton/electron converted to mechanical energy is:

E = 1.09122 MEV (3-18)

The mass of the neutrino is the Einsteinian mass minus the electrical mass. Thus:

M(neutrino) = 1.293MEV – 1.09122MEV = 0.20178 MEV (3-19)

Therefore the neutrino only has a mass of 0.2MEV which is about 2/5 times the mass of the electron.